iKtnJifrgartfnH 

^ur  MxBBxan 

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 

Miss  Leila  G.  Kirtland 


Ntnomtya  ICtnJifrgartiptt,  t^nbp 
Nanobtkt  ICtab^rgartfit,  Knbf 
At  Htti  2Ctnb^r0artp«.  CPkazakt 
ilgo  3lfl  2Ctnbfr0artFtt,  S^agoga 


PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 

EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE  OF  FOREIGN  MISSIONS 
NASHVILLE.  TENNESSEE 


Educational  department 


Miss  Leila  G.  Kirtland 


Introduction 

Our  kindergarten  work  is  rather  young  yet,  but  the  results  are 
most  encouraging. 

The  Japanese  think  a great  deal  of  education  and  therefore  any- 
thing in  the  way  of  a school  appeals  to  them. 

There  are  thousands  of  all  sorts  of  schools  in  Japan  and  kinder- 
gartens are  becoming  more  and  more  prominent.  The  Japanese  are 
very  fond  of  children,  and  it  is  easy  to  impress  them  with  the  impor- 
tance of  this  early  training  for  the  little  ones. 

There  are  four  kindergartens  under  the  auspices  of  our  mission: 
Ninomiya  Kindergarten,  Kobe,  directed  by  Mrs.  Fulton;  Nunobiki 
Kindergarten,  Kobe,  directed  by  Mrs.  W.  McS.  Buchanan;  Ai  Rin 
(Love  your  Neighbor)  Kindergarten,  Okazaki,  directed  by  Miss  Flor- 
ence Patton;  and  Myo  Jo  (Morning  Star)  Kindergarten,  Nagoya, 
under  the  direction  of  Miss  Leila  G.  Kirtland.  The  following  reports 
will  give  some  idea  of  the  work  each  is  doing. 


3 


SEA  OF  JAPAN 


•TAKAYAM* 


OAAYAMA 


UifOTO 


^AMATSI 


HA^Oy- 


,>^*e&AKA 


90RAZAK). 


jSMSAKI 


OYOHASH) 


Our  Territory  | ^ 


Outline  Map  of  Central  Japan.  Southern  Presbyterian  Mission 


Ninomiya  Kindergarten,  Kobe 

This  kindergarten  was  opened  five  years  ago  with  a class  of  seven 
bright,  attractive  “little  men  and  women.’’  Its  birth  was  a labor  of 
love  on  the  part  of  the  wife  of  Rev.  R.  Tomida,  one  of  our  most 
esteemed  pastors,  at  that  time  living  in  Kobe. 

Mrs.  Tomida,  having  had  no  kindergarten  training,  went,  day  by 
day,  to  the  Nunobiki  Kindergarten  and  made  a study  of  the  Japanese 
child,  and  of  the  way  in  which  it  was  being  trained.  After  a few 
months  of  this  meagre  preparation,  she  felt  like  trying  a class  of  her 
own,  and  it  is  needless  to  add  that  she  succeeded.  This  class  devel- 
oped into  the  Ninomiya  Kindergarten. 


Since  then  this  school  has  grown  until  at  present  we  have  fifty 
pupils  and  two  teachers  besides  a superintendent.  We  now  have 
government  recognition  as  a Kindergarten  School,  which  means  that 
our  teachers  get  invitations  to  all  kinds  of  conventions  and  other 
special  lectures  held  from  time  to  time  in  the  interests  of  child  culture. 

Gradually  we  are  getting  an  entrance  into  the  homes  and  hearts 
of  the  parents  of  these  children.  All  except  three  of  our  pupils 
come  from  the  homes  of  unbelievers;  but  the  seed  of  the  gospel  is 
being  sown  in  these  young  hearts,  and  often,  through  the  little  child, 
the  Holy  Spirit  speaks  to  “father  and  mother,’’  and  the  seed  of  faith 
in  Jesus  Christ  as  the  world’s  saviour  is  planted  in  their  hearts,  and, 
sooner  or  later,  develops  into  a regenerated  soul. 


I believe  this  is  the  time  to  stress  kindergarten  work  in  Japan. 
The  ordinary  Japanese  seems  to  think  the  child  a nonentity 
until  it  reaches  its  “teens;”  consequently,  we  have  free  access  to 
teaching  the  children  in  our  Sunday-schools  and  kindergartens  just 
at  the  most  impressionable  age.  Now  is  the  time  to  take  advantage 
of  this  wonderful  opportunity.  The  day  may  come,  and  that  very 
soon,  when  a tide  of  opposition  shall  sweep  over  us;  but  if  now  we 
lay  well  our  foundations,  results  will  soon  speak  for  themselves. 

Mrs.  Rachel  P.  Fulton. 

Nunobiki  Kindergarten,  Kobe 

Kindergartens  are  certainly  popular  at  present,  and  I trust  they 
will  continue  to  be  so  as  long  as  children  are  given  to  us  on  earth. 
I love  the  work  because  I love  the  children  and  the  Lord  who  loved 
them  so.  I consider  the  work  important  not  only  because  of  the  open- 
ing it  gives  one  to  the  homes,  but  because  I feel  sure  that  lasting  im- 
pressions are  made  on  these  little  plastic  minds.  Very  often,  I believe, 
the  disposition  and  bent  of  character  are  determined  in  the  kinder- 
garten years. 


Graduating  Class,  1915 


Nunobiki  Kindergarten  was  opened  in  1908  in  connection  with  the 
work  for  women  and  children  in  Nunobiki  Chapel.  The  Sunday- 
school  room  of  the  new  church,  which  was  just  dedicated  last  January, 
was  planned  to  suit  the  kindergarten.  It  is  small,  however,  and  will 

6 


accommodate  only  about  thirty  in  proper  kindergarten  style.  Many 
of  the  the  kindergartners  attend  the  Sunday-school  and  are  taught 
here  also  by  their  kindergarten  teacher. 

We  have  mothers’  meetings  in  connection  with  the  kindergarten 
from  time  to  time,  which  are  attended  not  only  by  the  mothers  of 
the  little  kindergartners,  but  by  other  mothers  in  the  church. 

Mrs.  Watanabe,  the  head  teacher,  is  herself  a mother  and  a val- 
uable helper  in  our  mothers’  meetings.  She  is  seen  standing  at  the 
back  in  the  middle  of  this  picture  of  the  graduating  class  of  the  kin- 
dergarten. The  other  Japanese  lady  is  not  with  us  now,  having 
married  Rev.  K.  Naito,  pastor  of  Sosai  Chapel.  I think  a group  of 
kindergarten  children  is  as  pretty  as  a garden  of  flowers  and  much 
more  interesting.  Mrs.  Walter  McS.  Buchanan. 


Love  Your  Neighbor  Kindergarten,  Okazaki 

This  kindergarten  was  opened  April  8th,  1914,  by  Miss  Florence 
Patton.  In  the  spring  of  1915  there  were  thirteen  graduates. 


AlARm’KlNSeR'eXHTgNTpT^ZlAKU^ 
Graduating  Class,  1915 


There  are  two  Japanese  teachers  employed,  Miss  Patton  also 
giving  much  of  her  time  to  the  teaching  and  management  of  the 
kindergarten. 


7 


The  building  is  a remodeled  Japanese  house,  all  porches  and  avail- 
able space  being  utilized.  A bright  sunshiny  spot  is  the  scene  of  our 
daily  activity. 

During  the  last  year  the  Life  of  Christ  was  taught  the  children  in 
the  morning  circle  with  pretty  pictures  to  illustrate. 

Two  of  our  little  ones  were  taken  home  to  Jesus  during  the  year. 
In  one  case  we  had  a memorial  service  at  the  kindergarten  which  the 
family  attended,  and  were  greatly  moved  by  the  comforting  messages 
of  our  glorious  Gospel. 

On  Sunday  afternoons  we  have  a Sunday-school  for  all  the  neigh- 
borhood and  always  a hundred  or  more  in  attendance. 

There  w'ere  forty  names  enrolled  at  the  kindergarten  for  the  year 
that  has  just  closed.  Florence  D.  Patton. 


Morning  Star  Kindergarten,  Nagoya 

I dearly  love  children,  and  could  not  resist  the  temptation  to  open 
a kindergarten  when  I had  finished  my  language  examinations.  Our 


Mrs.  Ichimura^is  standing  in  the  center.  Most  of  the  dolls  carried  by  the  children 
were  sent  by  friends  in  America 


head  teacher  here  at  the  Golden  Castle  Girls  School  married  one  of 
our  former  graduates  who  had  had  fine  kindergarten  training  and 


8 


experience,  so  when  they  came  to  Nagoya  I asked  her  to  conduct  a 
kindergarten  for  me.  Of  course  I have  my  school  work  which  takes 
up  most  of  my  time,  but  I find  time  now  and  then  to  look  in  on  the 
kindergartners  to  see  how  things  are  going.  Mrs.  Ichimura,  my 
head  teacher,  is  such  a lovely  Christian  character  that  it  is  an  inspi- 
ration to  hear  her  tell  the  children  the  Bible  stories  and  teach  them 
to  say  little  Bible  verses. 

Suppose  we  go  on  a visit  to  the  kindergarten  together.  It  is  early 
and  as  we  walk  along  the  street  chatting,  just  as  we  turn  a corner 
we  hear  a chorus  of  childish  voices  shouting  “Sensei,  sensei!”  (teacher), 
and  turning  in  the  direction  of  the  voices  we  see  a flock  of  little  white 
aproned  tots  running  in  our  direction.  Breathless  they  reach  us,  and 
with  faces  beaming  and  little  tongues  chattering,  they  walk  with  us, 
some  taking  our  hands  confidingly.  Because  they  are  my  own  kin- 
dergartners and  are  so  dear  to  me  I especially  delight  to  hear  you 
say  how  winsome  they  are. 

They  are  telling  us  such  things  as  that  they  saw  me  yesterday  on 
the  street  car,  that  the  baby  has  a new  tooth,  that  the  kitten  died,  or 
that  they  caught  some  lovely  fuzzy  caterpillars. 

Soon  we  reach  the  entrance  of  the  kindergarten  and  pause  to  re- 
move our  shoes  before  entering. 

The  house  is  a rented  one — a real  Japanese  house,  not  built  for  a 
kindergarten,  but  built  as  a residence  for  an  army  officer.  It  has 
two  large  rooms  and  two  smaller  ones  that  are  used  for  the  kinder- 
garten exercises.  These  rooms  are  all  thrown  together  as  the  paper 
sliding  partitions  are  easily  removed.  The  other  rooms  which  are 
smaller  are  used  for  the  family  of  the  caretaker,  who,  by  the  way,  is 
Mrs.  Ichimura’s  brother.  His  wife  keeps  the  place  scrupulously  neat. 
They  are  Christians,  and  until  lately  one  of  their  children  attended 
the  kindergarten.  However,  he  graduated  and  now  is  attending  the 
city  primary  school. 

The  garden  surrounds  the  house,  and  one  part  of  it  is  set  aside  for 
a playground  which  we  will  see  presently.  We  enter  to  a chorus  of 
“Ohayo”  (good  morning),  and  the  bobbing  of  many  little  heads,  as 
they  have  just  heard  the  teachers  telling  them  to  “Ojigi”  (get  down 
on  the  floor  and  bow).  The  three  teachers  welcome  us  and  find  us 
places  at  the  “hibachi”  (fire  boxes),  as  the  weather  is  cool. 

One  of  the  teachers  is  the  sister  of  one  of  our  pastors  and  the  other 
a daughter  of  another  pastor.  They  are  both  really  pupil-teachers 
yet. 

The  children  are  tumbling  over  one  another  and  some  are  watching 
us  with  interest,  the  more  venturesome  touching  our  hats  and  exclaim- 


9 


ing  over  the  decorations  thereof,  or  counting  the  buttons  on  our  dresses. 
However  friendly  they  may  get  to  be  with  us,  we  remain  nevertheless 
curiosities  to  these  tiny  Orientals. 

Mrs.  Ichimura  says  that  one  of  the  non-Christian  mothers,  and 
there  are  many,  told  her  laughingly  that  her  little  girl  never  sits  down 
to  a meal  without  asking  the  blessing,  and  reproves  her  older  sisters 
and  brothers  if  they  begin  to  eat  before  the  blessing  is  asked.  That  is 
the  result  of  having  the  children  bring  their  lunches  to  the  kinder- 
garten where  all  can  eat  together. 

The  sound  of  the  baby  organ  breaks  upon  our  conversation.  Why, 
who  can  be  playing?  The  pupil-teachers  are  arranging  the  little  chairs 
for  the  circle,  and  Mrs.  Ichimura  is  talking  to  us.  It  couldn’t  possibly 
be  one  of  the  children.  Mrs.  Ichimura  beckons  to  us  to  peep  around 
the  corner  and  there  is  O Fumi  San,  the  very  little  girl  of  whom  we 
have  just  been  talking,  serenely  playing  and  singing  “Jesus  Loves 
Me,’’  as  though  she  were  all  alone. 

I am  aghast ! Not  that  child  surely ! And  playing  with  both  hands, 
too!  Where  on  earth  did  she  learn?  Mrs.  Ichimura  explains  that  at 
her  home  her  brother  plays  on  a baby  organ  and  this  child  plays  by 
ear  the  songs  she  learns  at  the  kindergarten  on  her  brother’s  organ 
and  so  has  become  skillful. 

This  is  most  remarkable  for  a child  of  that  age  and  especially  a 
Japanese  child,  for  the  usual  Japanese  attempt  at  music  is  as  discor- 
dant to  the  foreign  ear  as  clashing  colors  are  to  the  eye. 

We  hear  of  a mother  who  has  recently  become  a believer  who  says 
that  her  children  who  attend  the  kindergarten  have  the  greatest  love 
and  reverence  for  the  name  of  Jesus,  and  when  they  are  naughty  all 
she  has  to  do  is  to  remind  them  that  Jesus  sees  them  and  they  imme- 
diately behave. 

Mrs.  Ichimura  looks  at  the  clock.  My!  we  shall  be  five  minutes 
late  beginning!  One  of  the  girls  goes  to  the  organ  and  plays  the  open- 
ing chords.  Now  the  children  scramble  into  their  places  in  line  and 
clapping  their  hands,  march  to  their  places  by  the  thirty-seven  waiting 
little  chairs. 

After  bowing  “Good  Morning  to  You’’  in  Japanese,  they  actually 
lisp  it  in  English  for  our  especial  benefit,  and  you  feel  like  squeezing 
them. 

Then  comes  the  dear  little  prayer  song.  They  tightly  close  their 
eyes  and  sing  a little  too  lustily  perhaps.  As  soon  as  they  open  their 
eyes,  one  little  fellow,  the  clown  of  the  kindergarten,  excitedly  points 
to  a little  neighbor,  exclaiming,  “Teacher,  teacher,  he  peeped,  he 


10 


peeped.”  But  Mrs.  Ichimura  silences  him  by  asking  him  how  he 
could  know  unless  he  had  peeped  too. 

And  now  comes  the  Bible  story  about  Jesus,  whom  the  children 
have  already  learned  to  love.  They  listen  intently  and  answer  the 
teacher’s  questions  quite  emphatically.  Then  when  Mrs.  Ichimura 
asks  what  they  would  like  to  sing,  they  all  say  ‘‘Jesus  Loves  Me,”  for 
that  is  the  favorite.  Then  they  repeat  the  little  Bible  verses  that  they 
have  learned  by  heart,  even  the  tiniest  tots  joining  in. 

It  is  the  little  hymns  that  the  children  sing  in  their  homes  that  often 
are  the  means  of  bringing  members  of  their  families  to  Jesus.  The 
mothers  say  that  they  learn  a great  deal  about  the  Bible  by  just  lis- 
tening to  the  children  tell  the  stories  that  are  told  them  at  the  kinder- 
garten. Truly,  a little  child  shall  lead  them. 

Not  long  ago  a little  girl  died,  and  although  her  parents  were  hea- 
then, they  buried  with  the  child  the  little  Sunday-school  picture  les- 
son cards  that  she  loved  and  had  received  at  the  kindergarten.  These 
cards,  by  the  way,  were  sent  to  me  by  friends  in  America  for  my 
work.  That  little  child’s  sister  will  come  to  the  kindergarten  when  she 
is  old  enough. 

Now  they  are  playing  a march  for  a ten  minutes’  recess,  so  let  us 
follow  the  children  out  into  the  garden.  See  the  swing,  the  see-saw, 
and  the  sand  pile!  Now  passing  through  a gate  we  come  to  the  gold- 
fish pond  without  which  no  Japanese  garden  is  complete. 

The  children  are  crowding  around  begging  us  to  ride  them  on  our 
backs,  so  we  accommodate  them  and  great  laughing  there  is. 


11 


On  the  playground,  Myo  Jo  Kindergarten,  Nagoya 


But  now  the  fun  has  to  stop  for  the  bell  rings  and  all  go  in.  The 
little  tables  and  chairs  are  placed  for  the  pretty  work  which  these 
dear  little  hands  will  do.  After  the  work  come  the  games.  O,  such 
fun!  And  then  every  one  is  ready  for  “O  bento”  (lunch),  which  each 
tot  has  brought  from  home. 

When  lunch  is  over  and  the  children  are  leaving,  the  teacher  hands 
them  cards  of  invitation  to  their  parents  for  the  mothers’  meeting 
to  be  held  Saturday  afternoon. 

These  mothers’  meetings  are  usually  well  attended.  Very  few  of 
the  mothers  are  Christians,  so  we  try  to  give  them  an  idea  of  the  mean- 
ing of  the  gospel  message  at  each  meeting.  We  sing  hymns  and  it  is 
interesting  to  see  some  of  them  labor  hard  with  the  strange  tunes 
trying  to  sing.  They  usually  like  the  hymns  very  much.  Then  we 
have  a prayer  by  the  leader  of  the  meeting  who  is  either  one  of  the 
kindergarten  teachers  or  a pastor’s  wife  or  some  earnest  Christian 
worker. 

At  Christmas  and  Easter  we  often  distribute  portions  of  Scripture 
to  the  parents.  At  an  ordinary  mothers’  meeting  we  read  a portion 
of  the  Bible,  usually  from  the  life  of  Christ,  especially  where  the  chil- 
dren have  been  taught  in  their  daily  kindergarten  lessons.  The  train- 
ing of  the  child  in  accordance  with  the  Bible  teaching  is  then  the 
subject  of  a discourse  given  by  a special  speaker  or  the  leader. 


12 


The  mothers  are  encouraged  to  ask  questions  and  they  are  urged  to 
borrow  some  of  the  Christian  books  on  child  culture  that  are  kept  at 
the  kindergarten  for  that  purpose. 

Sometimes  the  games  and  occupation  work  of  the  kindergarten 
are  explained  to  the  mothers  so  that  they  can  supplement  the  teachers’ 
work  by  sympathetic  appreciation. 

Visiting  in  the  homes  of  the  children  is  being  done  each  week. 
I am  sorry  to  have  to  relate  the  loss  of  one  child  as  the  result  of  the 
Christian  teaching.  During  last  summer’s  vacation  two  members 
of  the  child’s  family  died,  so  when  I returned,  I went  with  one  of  the 
teachers  to  visit  the  mother,  taking  her  a little  book  about  Christianity. 
I had  already  given  gospels  to  the  mother  at  a previous  mothers’ 
meeting.  I hear  that  the  child  afterwards  told  one  of  the  teachers 
whom  he  met  on  the  street,  that  he  couldn’t  attend  the  kindergarten 
any  more  because  it  was  “Yaso  Kyo”  (Jesus  Doctrine).  They  knew 
it  was  Christian  all  the  time,  but  I suspect  that  at  the  time  of  the 
funerals,  they  came  too  much  under  the  influence  of  the  Buddhist 
priests,  and  so  were  turned  against  us. 

It  will  soon  be  the  harvest  thanksgiving  time  and  we  always  make 
the  most  of  this  opportunity  to  have  the  children  especially  taught 
the  joy  of  giving.  The  day  before  they  are  asked  to  bring  vegetables, 
fruit,  or  money  or  clothing  for  the  poor.  They  gladly  respond  and  come 


The  highest  class.  A drawing  lesson 
13 


with  beaming  faces  the  next  morning  bringing  their  gifts.  After  a 
thanksgiving  hymn  and  prayer  and  an  appropriate  story  by  one  of 
the  teachers  they  return  home.  The  gifts  are  then  distributed  to  the 
needy.  Once  they  helped  a poor,  sick,  old  lady  in  the  neighborhood. 
Sometimes  the  things  are  given  to  the  Salvation  Army  for  distribution. 

Now  look,  the  children  are  all  bowing  and  saying  “Sayonara” 
(good-by).  They  start  for  home,  some  walking  and  others  being  car- 
ried on  nurses’  backs. 

And  now  you  ask,  “Does  it  pay?”  I answer  “A  thousand  times 
Yes,”  for  there  is  no  truer  way  into  people’s  hearts  than  through  their 
children. 

We  can  always  find  a ready  welcome  in  the  homes  of  most  of  these 
little  ones,  and  we  pray  that  the  seed  sown  in  these  little  hearts  may 
bring  forth  abundant  fruit.  There  is  proof  from  older  kindergartens 
where  whole  families  have  been  gained  for  Christ  through  the  children. 
And  why  should  it  not  be  so,  as  Christ  Himself  made  it  clear  that  the 
heart  of  a child  is  the  fittest  abiding  place  for  the  Holy  Spirit? 

Leila  G.  Kirtland. 


Ai  Rin  Kindergarten,  Okazaki,  Japan,  Sept.  24th,  1915. 

I know  a little  girl  whose  name  is  Right  and  rightly  named  she  is, 
too,  for  she  is  usually  in  the  right.  Her  father  and  mother  thought  so, 
for  she  was  the  only  child,  and  a great  pet,  especially  with  her  father. 
On  snowy  days  they  would  bring  her  to  the  kindergarten  in  a baby 
buggy,  though  she  was  six  years  old.  She  talked  so  much  about  what 
she  learned  about  Jesus  that  her  father  began  coming  to  church  and 
soon  became  a most  earnest  Christian.  He  asked  us  to  come  to  his 
house  every  week  and  have  a meeting  for  the  neighbors,  which  we  were 
delighted  to  do.  He  did  not  have  very  much  money,  but  he  bought  a 
little  organ  so  we  could  have  nice  music.  He  loved  the  songs  so  much 
that  one  day  Jesus  said.  He  thought  it  would  be  nice  to  have  this 
father  come  up  to  heaven,  where  he  could  learn  a great  many  beauti- 
ful songs,  and  be  ready  for  the  mother  and  little  Right  when  they  came 
up  to  heaven.  He  was  sorry  to  leave  his  little  girl,  but  he  was  glad 
to  go  to  Jesus.  Now  would  you  believe  that,  after  he  was  gone,  the 
Budd.  came  and  said  to  the  mother  that  she  must  sell  that  organ  and 
buy  an  idol  to  pray  to,  in  order  to  get  the  father  out  of  suffering;  but 
the  mother  knew  that  he  was  already  safe  with  Jesus,  so  she  refused  to 
sell  the  organ.  Please  pray  for  this  little  girl,  that  she  may  always 
be  in  the  right  road,  led  by  the  One  who  said,  Suffer  little  children  to 
come  unto  me.  Florence  Patton. 


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Kinjo  Jo  Gakko,  Nagoya,  Japan,  October  18th,  1915. 

I am  glad  to  say  that  since  writing  this  article  the  kindergarten 
attendance  has  increased  until  now  there  are  fifty  names  on  the  roll. 
That  is  all  the  house  can  accommodate.  If  I could  have  a real 
kindergarten  building  I could  take  many  more.  I have  had  and  still 
am  having  a hard  time  running  the  kindergarten  since  the  “cut.” 
I only  receive  twenty-five  cents  a month  from  each  child  as  tuition, 
and  as  there  are  three  teachers  I have  to  pay  one  of  them  and  the  care- 
taker out  of  this  fund  besides  the  running  expenses,  repairs,  etc. 
The  result  is  that  at  the  end  of  each  month  there  is  a deficit.  I am 
meeting  this  as  best  I can  out  of  my  own  pocket,  but  if  it  has  to  go  on 
much  longer  the  strain  will  be  too  great  for  me  to  bear.  I do  not 
want  to  have  to  close  the  kindergarten,  but  if  I can  not  get  the  right 
amount  of  appropriations  I do  not  know  what  I shall  do.  I know  that 
times  have  been  hard  on  account  of  the  war  and  that  you  are  straining 
every  nerve  to  carry  on  the  work.  I hear  that  things  are  improving 
now  and  I hope  that  with  the  New  Year’s  appropriations  there  will  be 
no  cause  to  “cut.”  Leila  G.  Kirtland. 


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